Chapter 1 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing
Chapter 2 Impact of COVID 19
2.1 Impact on Construction Industry
2.2 Impact on Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market
2.3 Consumer Buying Behavior based on Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market
2.4 Recovery and forecast Analysis based on Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market
Chapter 3 Executive Summary
3.1 Drivers for Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market:
3.2 Restrain for Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market:
3.3 Opportunity for Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market:
3.4 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, 2018 - 2032
3.5 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Region, 2018 - 2032
3.6 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
3.7 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 - 2032
Chapter 4 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Segment by Types (Product Category)
4.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue Market Share (%) by Types in 2022
4.3 Raw Materials
4.4 Finished products
4.5 Active Pharmaceutical ingredients
Chapter 5 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Segment by Application
5.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) Comparison by Application (2018-2032)
5.2 Clinical Trials
5.3 Biological Research
5.4 Drug Discovery
5.5 Others
Chapter 6 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market by Regions (2018-2032)
6.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Regions (2018-2032)
6.2 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Status and Prospect (2018-2032)
6.3 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Status and Prospect (2018-2032)
6.4 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Status and Prospect (2018-2032)
6.5 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Status and Prospect (2018-2032)
6.6 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Status and Prospect (2018-2032)
6.7 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2032)
6.7.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue Status and Outlook (2018-2032)
Chapter 7 PESTEL Analysis
7.1 Political Factors
7.2 Economic Factors
7.3 Social Factors
7.4 Technological Factors
7.5 Legal Factors
7.6 Environment Factors
Chapter 8 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Competition by Manufacturers
8.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2018-2032)
Chapter 9 Company (Top Players) Profiles and Key Data
9.1 Toxikon, Inc.
9.1.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.1.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.1.3 Investment in Research and Development
9.1.4 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.1.5 Key Developments
9.1.6 Business Strategy
9.2 Intertek Group PLC
9.2.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.2.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.2.3 Investment in Research and Development
9.2.4 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.2.5 Business Strategy
9.3 SGS SA
9.3.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.3.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.3.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.3.4 Key Developments
9.3.5 Business Strategy
9.4 Eurofins Scientific
9.4.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area.
9.4.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.4.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.4.4 Business Strategy
9.5 Boston Analytical
9.5.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area.
9.5.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.5.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.5.4 Business Strategy
9.6 Pace Analytical Services, LLC
9.6.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.6.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.6.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.6.4 Business Strategy
9.7 West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.
9.7.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.7.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.7.3 Investment in Research and Development
9.7.4 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.7.5 Key Developments
9.7.6 Business Strategy
9.8 WuXi AppTec, Inc.
9.8.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area.
9.8.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.8.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.8.4 Business Strategy
9.9 Intertek Group Plc
9.9.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.9.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.9.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.9.4 Business Strategy
9.10 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
9.10.1 Company Basic Information and Sales Area
9.10.2 Business Segment/ Overview
9.10.3 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Product Types Specification
9.10.4 Business Strategy
Chapter 10 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue by Regions (2018-2023)
10.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue and Market Share (%) by Regions (2018-2023)
Chapter 11 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue by Types
11.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue and Market Share (%) by Types (2018-2023)
Chapter 12 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Analysis by Application
12.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) and Market Share (%) by Application (2018-2023)
12.2 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue Growth Rate by Application (2018-2023)
Chapter 13 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
13.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
13.1.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
13.2 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
13.2.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
13.3 U.S
13.3.1 U.S. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
13.3.2 U.S. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
13.4 Canada
13.4.1 Canada Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
13.4.2 Canada Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
13.5 Mexico
13.5.1 Mexico Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
13.5.2 Mexico Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
Chapter 14 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
14.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
14.1.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
14.2 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
14.2.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
14.3 U.K.
14.3.1 U.K. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
14.3.2 U.K. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
14.4 Germany
14.4.1 Germany Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 - 2032
14.4.2 Germany Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
14.5 France
14.5.1 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
14.5.2 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
14.6 Italy
14.6.1 Italy Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
14.6.2 Italy Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
14.7 Spain
14.7.1 Spain Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
14.7.2 Spain Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
14.8 Rest of Europe
14.8.1 Rest of Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
14.8.2 Rest of Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
Chapter 15 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
15.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
15.1.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
15.2 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
15.2.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
15.3 China
15.3.1 China Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
15.3.2 China Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
15.4 Japan
15.4.1 Japan Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
15.4.2 Japan Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
15.5 India
15.5.1 India Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
15.5.2 India Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
15.6 Southeast Asia
15.6.1 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
15.6.2 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
Chapter 16 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
16.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
16.1.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
16.2 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
16.2.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
16.3 Brazil
16.3.1 Brazil Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
16.3.2 Brazil Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
16.4 Argentina
16.4.1 Argentina Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
16.4.2 Argentina Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
16.5 Colombia
16.5.1 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
16.5.2 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
16.6 Rest of South America
16.6.1 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
16.6.2 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
Chapter 17 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
17.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
17.1.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2018-2023)
17.2 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2018-2023)
17.2.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
17.3 UAE
17.3.1 UAE Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
17.3.2 UAE Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
17.4 South Africa
17.4.1 South Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
17.4.2 South Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
17.5 Egypt
17.5.1 Egypt Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
17.5.2 Egypt Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
17.6 Rest of MEA
17.6.1 Rest of MEA Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2018 – 2032
17.6.2 Rest of MEA Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2018 – 2032
Chapter 18 Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Manufacturing Cost Analysis
18.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
18.1.1 Raw Materials
18.1.2 Labor Cost
18.1.3 USA Labor Cost Analysis
18.1.4 EU Labor Costs Analysis
18.1.5 China Labor Costs Analysis
18.1.6 Manufacturing Expenses
Chapter 19 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/ Traders
19.1 Marketing Channel
19.1.1 Direct Marketing
19.1.2 Indirect Marketing
19.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
19.2 Market Positioning
19.2.1 Pricing Strategy
Chapter 20 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Forecast (2023-2032)
20.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue Forecast (2023-2032)
20.1.1 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.2 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast by Regions (2023-2032)
20.2.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.2.2 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.2.3 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing and Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.2.4 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing and Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.2.5 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing and Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast (2023-2032)
20.3 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2032)
20.4 Global Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast by Application (2023-2032)
Chapter 21 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
21.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
21.1.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
21.2 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
21.2.1 North America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
21.3 U.S.
21.3.1 U.S. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
21.3.2 U.S. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
21.4 Canada
21.4.1 Canada Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
21.4.2 Canada Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
21.5 Mexico
21.5.1 Mexico Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
21.5.2 Mexico Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
Chapter 22 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
22.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
22.1.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
22.2 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
22.2.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
22.3 U.K.
22.3.1 U.K. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.3.2 U.K. Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
22.4 Germany
22.4.1 Germany Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.4.2 Germany Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
22.5 France
22.5.1 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.5.2 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
22.6 Italy
22.6.1 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.6.2 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
22.7 Spain
22.7.1 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.7.2 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
22.8 Rest of Europe
22.8.1 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
22.8.2 France Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
Chapter 23 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
23.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
23.1.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
23.2 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
23.2.1 Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
23.3 China
23.3.1 China Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
23.3.2 China Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
23.4 Japan
23.4.1 Japan Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
23.4.2 Japan Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
23.5 India
23.5.1 India Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
23.5.2 India Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
23.6 Southeast Asia
23.6.1 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
23.6.2 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
Chapter 24 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
24.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
24.1.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
24.2 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
24.2.1 South America Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
24.3 Brazil
24.3.1 Brazil Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
24.3.2 Brazil Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
24.4 Argentina
24.4.1 Argentina Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
24.4.2 Argentina Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
24.5 Colombia
24.5.1 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
24.5.2 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
24.6 Rest of South America
24.6.1 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
24.6.2 Colombia Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
Chapter 25 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Development Status and Outlook
25.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
25.1.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Type (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
25.2 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size (2023-2032)
25.2.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing Market Size by Application (USD Billion) (2023-2032)
25.3 UAE
25.3.1 UAE Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
25.3.2 UAE Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
25.4 South Africa
25.4.1 South Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
25.4.2 South Africa Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
25.5 Egypt
25.5.1 Egypt Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
25.5.2 Egypt Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
25.6 Rest of MEA
25.6.1 Rest of MEA Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Type, 2023 – 2032
25.6.2 Rest of MEA Pharmaceutical Analytical Testing Outsourcing market, by Application, 2023 – 2032
Chapter 26 Research Findings and Conclusion